I, personally, have always thought the vanilla crafting system in Fallout 4 was a little too generic, too simplified.  I've made a couple of attempts to correct this, but none as exhaustive as this.  I've hidden my old Component Overhaul mod, it was made when I was a rank amateur at the modding game.  What you will find herein are the changes I felt were necessary to the crafting system.  This is an "open beta" type release.  Although I have tested it extensively, I may have missed some things.  Below you will find a list of all changes made in this mod.
On the download page, you will find the base mod, which requires all six official DLCs, a vanilla version, which doesn't, and a Valdacil's Item Sorting version.

First and foremost, the Component Workbench.  The workbench is the linchpin of this mod, allowing you to craft components you could not previously, as well as the new components I have added to the game.  It is found in the Special section of the workshop menu, is very inexpensive despite its appearance, and requires no perks.

Next are the Components themselves.  I have modified almost every vanilla component and added 25 new ones.  Almost every crafting recipe in the game has been changed to reflect the changes to the components.  Below is a list of the changes to recipes and components

RECIPES

• Shacks and Walls now require Nails or Lag Screws. Metal Shacks and other items use Sheet Metal instead of Steel.
• Weapon mods that required Oil now use Grease.
• Generators and Machine Gun Turrets are crafted with Fuel.  They do not consume fuel, that's a project for a different mod.
• Weapon and Armor mods that use Adhesive have been retooled in line with my Realistic Adhesive mod, although a bit simpler.
• Scrapping Recipes recover the new components.
• This is nowhere near a complete list.
  

COMPONENTS

• Acid: Renamed Sulfuric Acid, used only in recipes that require a strong corrosive.
  

• > Vinegar: Used for cooking instead of Acid.
• > Liquid Nitrogen: Replaces Acid in cryo weapons.
• Adhesive: Renamed Glue, now only used in weapon and armor mods that use Plastic, Fiberglass, or Rubber.  Replaced by the following four items.
• > Flux: Used for mods that are made up of steel or aluminum.
• > Tape: Very few uses, mostly aesthetically appropriate mods, such as Pipe Weapons and Laser Musket.
• > Solder: Mods that use Copper or electric/electronic parts.
• > Thread: Leather and Cloth armor, mostly.
• Ballistic Fiber: Along with Asbestos, this has been converted into an Aramid Fiber.  Aramids are used for both bulletproofing and fireproofing/heatproofing.  Flamer mods and Energy Resist mods, for example, will use one or both.  Railroad linings will still use this one, but it has been renamed Para-Aramid Fiber.
• Antiseptic: Renamed Antibiotic, as Antiseptics are topical.
• > Iodine: Replaces Antiseptic in chems that prevent/cure radiation.  Found in bugs.
• Asbestos: See Ballistic Fiber, renamed Meta-Aramid Fiber.
• Bone: Largely unchanged, but renamed Bonemeal.
• Ceramic: Renamed Porcelain.
• Circuitry: Renamed Integrated Circuits.  Circuitry actually shouldn't exist in the Fallout world, as the transistor was never invented.  However, I'm going to allow that integrated circuits were at least used by the military pre-war, and used by advanced groups post-war.
• Cloth: It's cloth.  But I've renamed it Fabric.
• > Paper: Replaces cloth in appropriate recipes and scrapping.
• > Rope: Not sure if I'm going to keep this one.
• Concrete: Along with Adhesive and Oil, this is one of the major changes to the system.  Concrete cannot be scrapped.  What you have there is called Aggregate, also known as Gravel.  In real life, aggregate is mixed with cement on-site, because it starts to harden immediately.  That was a little too much, even for me.  There's no time limit on Concrete once it's mixed.  But it does have to be mixed.  Cement can be found in Cement Bags or Shipments, or broken down from Gravel at the Workbench.  Also, it's heavy.
• > Cement: Used to make Concrete.
• > Gravel: Scrapped from Concrete items.
• Copper: No longer used in most electrical/electronic recipes, replaced with Wire.  Still used as pipe, such as Pipe Weapons and the Chem Station.
• > Wire: Replaces Copper in many recipes.  Can be made from Copper, Aluminum, or Steel.
• Cork: Completely unchanged.  Considering removing it completely.
• Crystal: Renamed Quartz, and found in clocks and radios.
• > Lens: Used to make scopes instead of glass, and found in some junk that previously contained Crystal.
• Fertilizer: Renamed Biomass, can be found scrapping grass or dirt items with Scrap Everything or Spring Cleaning.  No longer used to make explosives.
• > Ammonium Nitrate: Can be crafted from Biomass, or found in Fertilizer bags and shipments.  Used for explosives and planters.
• Glass: Renamed Clear Glass.  As opposed to...
• > Tinted Glass: Found in appropriate junk items, used in some crafting recipes instead of Glass.
• Gold: Value increased and removed from most crafting recipes (replaced with Wire), mostly a currency now.
• Nuclear Material: Renamed Deuterium, used for Fusion-related recipes and appropriate scope recipes.
• > Uranium: Mostly used in Vault 88.
• Oil: Another big change.  Broken down into Crude Oil, Grease, and Fuel.
• > Grease: Used for and can be recovered from weapon mods that formerly used Oil.
• > Crude Oil: Can be used to craft the other two oil derivatives, and can be pumped out of the ground with a Resource item included in this mod.  It has the same model as the Contraptions Industrial Water Pump.  As such, it's not in the Vanilla version of this mod.  Grease and Fuel can still be found in junk and shipments.
• > Fuel: Required for Generators and Machine Gun Turrets.  Also used in any recipe that requires Flux.
• Plastic: Largely unchanged, but renamed PVC.
• > Polyester: Found in umbrellas and Jangles, used for making thread.
• Rubber: Renamed Silicone.
• Screws: Renamed Machine Screws
• > Lag Screws: Used in construction of Metal buildings and other metal items.
• > Nails: Used for Wood Buildings.
• > Hinges: Used for Doors.
• Steel: Unchanged except for recipes.
• > Sheet Metal: Used for most settlement objects that require Steel.
• Wood: Renamed Lumber, since it's mostly used for things made of lumber.
• > Die Cut Wood: Found in junk items and used to make stocks.